List of state leaders in 2001

This is a list of heads of state, heads of governments, and other rulers in the year 2001.

Africa

Algeria

President – Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria (1999–2019)
Prime Minister – Ali Benflis, Prime Minister of Algeria (2000–2003)

Angola

President – José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–2017)

Benin

President – Mathieu Kérékou, President of Benin (1996–2006)

Botswana

President – Festus Mogae, President of Botswana (1998–2008)

Burkina Faso

President – Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
Prime Minister – Paramanga Ernest Yonli, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (2000–2007)

Burundi

President – Pierre Buyoya, President of Burundi (1996–2003)

Cameroon

President – Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
Prime Minister – Peter Mafany Musonge, Prime Minister of Cameroon (1996–2004)

Cape Verde

President –

António Mascarenhas Monteiro, President of Cape Verde (1991–2001)
Pedro Pires, President of Cape Verde (2001–2011)

Prime Minister –

Gualberto do Rosário, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (2000–2001)
José Maria Neves, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (2001–2016)

Central African Republic

President – Ange-Félix Patassé, President of the Central African Republic (1993–2003)
Prime Minister –

Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (1999–2001)
Martin Ziguélé, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2001–2003)

Chad

President – Idriss Déby, President of Chad (1990–2021)
Prime Minister – Nagoum Yamassoum, Prime Minister of Chad (1999–2002)

Comoros

President – Azali Assoumani, President of the Comoros (1999–2002)
Prime Minister – Hamada Madi, Prime Minister of the Comoros (2000–2002)

Anjouan (unrecognised, secessionist state)

President –

Said Abeid, President of Anjouan (1999–2001)
Presidium of Anjouan
- Members – Halidi Charif, Mohamed Bacar, and Hassan Ali Toilha (2001)
Mohamed Bacar, President of Anjouan (2001–2007)

Congo–Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)

President – Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo (1997–present)

Congo–Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo)

President –

Laurent-Désiré Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (1997–2001)
Joseph Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–2019)

Djibouti

President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti (1999–present)
Prime Minister –

Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime Minister of Djibouti (1978–2001)
Dileita Mohamed Dileita, Prime Minister of Djibouti (2001–2013)

Egypt

President – Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–2011)
Prime Minister – Atef Ebeid, Prime Minister of Egypt (1999–2004)

Equatorial Guinea

President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
Prime Minister –

Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (1996–2001)
Cándido Muatetema Rivas, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2001–2004)

Eritrea

President – Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea (1991–present) ^[a]

Ethiopia

President –

Negasso Gidada, President of Ethiopia (1995–2001)
Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (2001–2013)

Prime Minister – Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995–2012)

Gabon

President – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–2009)
Prime Minister – Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane, Prime Minister of Gabon (1999–2006)

The Gambia

President – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia (1994–2017)

Ghana

President –

Jerry Rawlings, President of Ghana (1981–2001)
John Kufuor, President of Ghana (2001–2009)

Guinea

President – Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–2008)
Prime Minister – Lamine Sidimé, Prime Minister of Guinea (1999–2004)

Guinea-Bissau

President – Kumba Ialá, President of Guinea-Bissau (2000–2003)
Prime Minister –

Caetano N'Tchama, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2000–2001)
Faustino Imbali, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2001)
Alamara Nhassé, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2001–2002)

Ivory Coast

President – Laurent Gbagbo, President of the Ivory Coast (2000–2011)
Prime Minister – Pascal Affi N'Guessan, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2000–2003)

Kenya

President – Daniel arap Moi, President of Kenya (1978–2002)

Lesotho

Monarch – Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1996–present)
Prime Minister – Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho (1998–2012)

Liberia

President – Charles Taylor, President of Liberia (2000–2003)

Libya

De facto Head of State – Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
De jure Head of State – Muhammad az-Zanati, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1992–2008)
Prime Minister – Imbarek Shamekh, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (2000–2003)

Madagascar

President – Didier Ratsiraka, President of Madagascar (1997–2002)
Prime Minister – Tantely Andrianarivo, Prime Minister of Madagascar (1998–2002)

Malawi

President – Bakili Muluzi, President of Malawi (1994–2004)

Mali

President – Alpha Oumar Konaré, President of Mali (1992–2002)
Prime Minister – Mandé Sidibé, Prime Minister of Mali (2000–2002)

Mauritania

President – Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, President of Mauritania (1984–2005)
Prime Minister – Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna, Prime Minister of Mauritania (1998–2003)

Mauritius

President – Cassam Uteem, President of Mauritius (1992–2002)
Prime Minister – Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2000–2003)

Morocco

Monarch – Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (1999–present)
Prime Minister – Abderrahmane Youssoufi, Prime Minister of Morocco (1998–2002)

Western Sahara (self-declared, partially recognised state)

President – Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–2016)
Prime Minister – Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (1999–2003)

Mozambique

President – Joaquim Chissano, President of Mozambique (1986–2005)
Prime Minister – Pascoal Mocumbi, Prime Minister of Mozambique (1994–2004)

Namibia

President – Sam Nujoma, President of Namibia (1990–2005)
Prime Minister – Hage Geingob, Prime Minister of Namibia (1990–2002)

Niger

President – Mamadou Tandja, President of Niger (1999–2010)
Prime Minister – Hama Amadou, Prime Minister of Niger (2000–2007)

Nigeria

President – Olusegun Obasanjo, President of Nigeria (1999–2007)

Rwanda

President – Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda (2000–present)
Prime Minister – Bernard Makuza, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2000–2011)

São Tomé and Príncipe

President –

Miguel Trovoada, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (1995–2001)
Fradique de Menezes, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (2001–2003)

Prime Minister –

Guilherme Posser da Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (1999–2002)
Evaristo Carvalho, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2001–2002)

Senegal

President – Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–2012)
Prime Minister –

Moustapha Niasse, Prime Minister of Senegal (2000–2001)
Mame Madior Boye, Prime Minister of Senegal (2001–2002)

Seychelles

President – France-Albert René, President of Seychelles (1977–2004)

Sierra Leone

President – Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President of Sierra Leone (1998–2007)

Somalia

President – Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, President of Somalia (2000–2004)
Prime Minister –

Ali Khalif Galaydh, Prime Minister of Somalia (2000–2001)
Osman Jama Ali, Acting Prime Minister of Somalia (2001)
Hassan Abshir Farah, Prime Minister of Somalia (2001–2003)

Somaliland (unrecognised, secessionist state)

President – Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, President of Somaliland (1993–2002)

Puntland (self-declared autonomous state)

President –

Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President of Puntland (1998–2001)
Yusuf Haji Nur, Acting President of Puntland (2001)
Jama Ali Jama, President of Puntland (2001–2002)

South Africa

President – Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa (1999–2008)

Sudan

President – Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–2019)

Swaziland

Monarch – Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
Prime Minister – Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (1996–2003)

Tanzania

President – Benjamin Mkapa, President of Tanzania (1995–2005)
Prime Minister – Frederick Sumaye, Prime Minister of Tanzania (1995–2005)

Togo

President – Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (1967–2005)
Prime Minister – Agbéyomé Kodjo, Prime Minister of Togo (2000–2002)

Tunisia

President – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
Prime Minister – Mohamed Ghannouchi, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1999–2011)

Uganda

President – Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
Prime Minister – Apolo Nsibambi, Prime Minister of Uganda (1999–2011)

Zambia

President – Frederick Chiluba, President of Zambia (1991–2002)

Zimbabwe

President – Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)

Asia

Afghanistan

Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

Supreme Leader – Mullah Omar, Supreme Leader of Afghanistan (1996–2001)
Prime Minister –

Mohammad Rabbani, Prime Minister of Afghanistan (1996–2001)
Abdul Kabir, Acting Prime Minister of Afghanistan (2001)

Islamic State of Afghanistan

President –

Burhanuddin Rabbani, President of Afghanistan (1992–2001)
Hamid Karzai, Chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002)

Bahrain

Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Emir of Bahrain (1999–present)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–2020) ^[b]

Bangladesh

President –

Shahabuddin Ahmed, President of Bangladesh (1996–2001)
A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, President of Bangladesh (2001–2002)

Prime Minister –

Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (1996–2001)
Latifur Rahman, Chief Adviser of Bangladesh (2001)
Khaleda Zia, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (2001–2006)

Bhutan

Monarch – Jigme Singye Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (1972–2006)
Prime Minister –

Yeshey Zimba, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2000–2001)
Khandu Wangchuk, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2001–2002)

Brunei

Monarch – Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present) ^[c]
Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)

Cambodia

Monarch – Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia (1993–2004)
Prime Minister – Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–2023) ^[d]

China (People's Republic of China)

Communist Party Leader – Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (1989–2002)
President – Jiang Zemin, President of China (1993–2003)
Premier – Zhu Rongji, Premier of the State Council of China (1998–2003)

East Timor (under UN administration)
UN Special Representative – Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for East Timor (1999–2002)
Chief Minister – Mari Alkatiri, Chief Minister of East Timor (2001–2006)

India

President – K. R. Narayanan, President of India (1997–2002)
Prime Minister – Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime Minister of India (1998–2004)

Indonesia

President –

Abdurrahman Wahid, President of Indonesia (1999–2001)
Megawati Sukarnoputri, President of Indonesia (2001–2004)

Iran

Supreme Leader – Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
President – Mohammad Khatami, President of Iran (1997–2005)

Iraq

President – Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq (1979–2003)
Prime Minister – Saddam Hussein, Prime Minister of Iraq (1994–2003)

Israel

President – Moshe Katsav, President of Israel (2000–2007)
Prime Minister –

Ehud Barak, Prime Minister of Israel (1999–2001)
Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel (2001–2006)

Palestinian National Authority (non-state administrative authority)

President – Yasser Arafat, President of the Palestinian National Authority (1994–2004)

Japan

Monarch – Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–2019)
Prime Minister –

Yoshirō Mori, Prime Minister of Japan (2000–2001)
Junichirō Koizumi, Prime Minister of Japan (2001–2006)

Jordan

Monarch – Abdullah II, King of Jordan (1999–present)
Prime Minister – Ali Abu al-Ragheb, Prime Minister of Jordan (2000–2003)

Kazakhstan

President – Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–2019) ^[e]
Prime Minister – Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (1999–2002)

North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea)

Communist Party Leader – Kim Jong-il, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1997–2011)
De facto Head of State – Kim Jong-il, Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea (1993–2011)
De jure Head of State – Kim Yong-nam, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea (1998–2019)
Premier – Hong Song-nam, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (1997–2003)

South Korea (Republic of Korea)

President – Kim Dae-jung, President of South Korea (1998–2003)
Prime Minister – Lee Han-dong, Prime Minister of South Korea (2000–2002)

Kuwait

Monarch – Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (1977–2006)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (1978–2003)

Kyrgyzstan

President – Askar Akayev, President of Kyrgyzstan (1990–2005) ^[f]
Prime Minister – Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2000–2002)

Laos

Communist Party Leader – Khamtai Siphandon, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (1992–2006)
President – Khamtai Siphandon, President of Laos (1998–2006)
Premier –

Sisavath Keobounphanh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (1998–2001)
Bounnhang Vorachith, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (2001–2006)

Lebanon

President – Émile Lahoud, President of Lebanon (1998–2007)
Prime Minister – Rafic Hariri, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (2000–2004)

Malaysia

Monarch –

Tuanku Salahuddin, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (1999–2001)
Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin, Acting Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (2001)
Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (2001–2006)

Prime Minister – Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia (1981–2003)

Maldives

President – Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–2008)

Mongolia

President – Natsagiin Bagabandi, President of Mongolia (1997–2005)
Prime Minister – Nambaryn Enkhbayar, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2000–2004)

Myanmar

Head of State – Than Shwe, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council of Myanmar (1992–2011)
Prime Minister – Than Shwe, Prime Minister of Myanmar (1992–2003)

Nepal

Monarch –

Birendra, King of Nepal (1972–2001)
Dipendra, King of Nepal (2001)
Gyanendra, King of Nepal (2001–2008)

Regent – Gyanendra, Regent of Nepal (2001)
Prime Minister –

Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal (2000–2001)
Sher Bahadur Deuba, Prime Minister of Nepal (2001–2002)

Oman

Monarch – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–2020)
Prime Minister – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–2020)

Pakistan

President –

Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, President of Pakistan (1998–2001)
Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan (2001–2008)

Prime Minister – Pervez Musharraf, Chief Executive of Pakistan (1999–2002)

Philippines

President –

Joseph Estrada, President of the Philippines (1998–2001)
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, President of the Philippines (2001–2010)

Qatar

Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–2013)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Abdullah bin Khalifa Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (1996–2007)

Saudi Arabia

Monarch – Fahd, King of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)
Regent – Crown Prince Abdullah, Regent of Saudi Arabia (1996–2005)
Prime Minister – Fahd, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (1982–2005)

Singapore

President – S. R. Nathan, President of Singapore (1999–2011)
Prime Minister – Goh Chok Tong, Prime Minister of Singapore (1990–2004)

Sri Lanka

President – Chandrika Kumaratunga, President of Sri Lanka (1994–2005)
Prime Minister –

Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2000–2001)
Ranil Wickremesinghe, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2001–2004)

Syria

President – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria (2000–present)
Prime Minister – Muhammad Mustafa Mero, Prime Minister of Syria (2000–2003)

Taiwan (Republic of China)

President – Chen Shui-bian, President of Taiwan (2000–2008)
Prime Minister – Chang Chun-hsiung, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2000–2002)

Tajikistan

President – Emomali Rahmonov, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
Prime Minister – Oqil Oqilov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1999–2013)

Thailand

Monarch – Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
Prime Minister –

Chuan Leekpai, Prime Minister of Thailand (1997–2001)
Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand (2001–2006)

Turkey

President – Ahmet Necdet Sezer, President of Turkey (2000–2007)
Prime Minister – Bülent Ecevit, Prime Minister of Turkey (1999–2002)

Turkmenistan

President – Saparmurat Niyazov, President of Turkmenistan (1990–2006) ^[g]

United Arab Emirates

President – Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (1976–2004)
Prime Minister – Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (1990–2006)

Uzbekistan

President – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1990–2016) ^[h]
Prime Minister – Oʻtkir Sultonov, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (1995–2003)

Vietnam

Communist Party Leader –

Lê Khả Phiêu, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (1997–2001)
Nông Đức Mạnh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2001–2011)

President – Trần Đức Lương, President of Vietnam (1997–2006)
Prime Minister – Phan Văn Khải, Prime Minister of Vietnam (1997–2006)

Yemen

President – Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1978–2012) ^[i]
Prime Minister –

Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani, Prime Minister of Yemen (1998–2001)
Abdul Qadir Bajamal, Prime Minister of Yemen (2001–2007)

Europe

Albania

President – Rexhep Meidani, President of Albania (1997–2002)
Prime Minister – Ilir Meta, Prime Minister of Albania (1999–2002)

Andorra

Monarchs –

French Co-Prince – Jacques Chirac, French Co-prince of Andorra (1995–2007)

Co-Prince's Representative – Frédéric de Saint-Sernin (1999–2002)

Episcopal Co-Prince – Archbishop Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-prince of Andorra (1971–2003)

Co-Prince's Representative – Nemesi Marqués Oste (1993–2012)

Prime Minister – Marc Forné Molné, Head of Government of Andorra (1994–2005)

Armenia

President – Robert Kocharyan, President of Armenia (1998–2008)
Prime Minister – Andranik Margaryan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2000–2007)

Austria

President – Thomas Klestil, Federal President of Austria (1992–2004)
Chancellor – Wolfgang Schüssel, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2000–2007)

Azerbaijan

President – Heydar Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (1993–2003)
Prime Minister – Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1996–2003)

Nagorno-Karabakh (unrecognised, secessionist state)

President – Arkadi Ghukasyan, President of Nagorno-Karabakh (1997–2007)
Prime Minister – Anushavan Danielyan, Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh (1999–2007)

Belarus

President – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
Prime Minister –

Vladimir Yermoshin, Prime Minister of Belarus (2000–2001)
Gennady Novitsky, Prime Minister of Belarus (2001–2003)

Belgium

Monarch – Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993–2013)
Prime Minister – Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Serb Member – Živko Radišić (1998–2002; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2000–2001)
Bosniak Member –

Halid Genjac (2000–2001)
Beriz Belkić (2001–2002)

Croat Member –

Ante Jelavić (1998–2001)
Jozo Križanović (2001–2002; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2001–2002)

Prime Minister –

Martin Raguž, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000–2001)
Božidar Matić, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001)
Zlatko Lagumdžija, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina (2001–2002)

High Representative – Wolfgang Petritsch, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1999–2002)

Bulgaria

President – Petar Stoyanov, President of Bulgaria (1997–2002)
Prime Minister –

Ivan Kostov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1997–2001)
Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (2001–2005)

Croatia

President – Stjepan Mesić, President of Croatia (2000–2010)
Prime Minister – Ivica Račan, Prime Minister of Croatia (2000–2003)

Cyprus

President – Glafcos Clerides, President of Cyprus (1993–2003)

Northern Cyprus (unrecognised, secessionist state)

President – Rauf Denktaş, President of Northern Cyprus (1976–2005)
Prime Minister – Derviş Eroğlu, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (1996–2004)

Czech Republic

President – Václav Havel, President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003)
Prime Minister – Miloš Zeman, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (1998–2002)

Denmark

Monarch – Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–2024)
Prime Minister –

Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (1993–2001)
Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (2001–2009)

Estonia

President –

Lennart Meri, President of Estonia (1992–2001)
Arnold Rüütel, President of Estonia (2001–2006)

Prime Minister – Mart Laar, Prime Minister of Estonia (1999–2002)

Finland

President – Tarja Halonen, President of Finland (2000–2012)
Prime Minister – Paavo Lipponen, Prime Minister of Finland (1995–2003)

France

President – Jacques Chirac, President of France (1995–2007)
Prime Minister – Lionel Jospin, Prime Minister of France (1997–2002)

Georgia

President – Eduard Shevardnadze, President of Georgia (1995–2003)
Prime Minister –

Giorgi Arsenishvili, Minister of State of Georgia (2000–2001)
Avtandil Jorbenadze, Minister of State of Georgia (2001–2003)

Abkhazia (unrecognised, secessionist state)

President – Vladislav Ardzinba, President of Abkhazia (1990–2005) ^[j]
Prime Minister –

Viacheslav Tsugba, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (1999–2001)
Anri Jergenia, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2001–2002)

South Ossetia (unrecognised, secessionist state)

President –

Lyudvig Chibirov, President of South Ossetia (1993–2001)
Eduard Kokoity, President of South Ossetia (2001–2011)

Prime Minister –

Merab Chigoev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (1998–2001)
Dmitry Sanakoyev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2001)
Gerasim Khugayev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2001–2003)

Germany

President – Johannes Rau, Federal President of Germany (1999–2004)
Chancellor – Gerhard Schröder, Federal Chancellor of Germany (1998–2005)

Greece

President – Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President of Greece (1995–2005)
Prime Minister – Costas Simitis, Prime Minister of Greece (1996–2004)

Hungary

President – Ferenc Mádl, President of Hungary (2000–2005)
Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary (1998–2002)

Iceland

President – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996–2016)
Prime Minister – Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland (1991–2004)

Ireland

President – Mary McAleese, President of Ireland (1997–2011)
Prime Minister – Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach of Ireland (1997–2008)

Italy

President – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of Italy (1999–2006)
Prime Minister –

Giuliano Amato, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (2000–2001)
Silvio Berlusconi, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (2001–2006)

Latvia

President – Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, President of Latvia (1999–2007)
Prime Minister – Andris Bērziņš, Prime Minister of Latvia (2000–2002)

Liechtenstein

Monarch – Hans-Adam II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
Prime Minister –

Mario Frick, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (1993–2001)
Otmar Hasler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (2001–2009)

Lithuania

President – Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania (1998–2003)
Prime Minister –

Rolandas Paksas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2000–2001)
Eugenijus Gentvilas, Acting Prime Minister of Lithuania (2001)
Algirdas Brazauskas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2001–2006)

Luxembourg

Monarch – Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
Prime Minister – Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1995–2013)

Republic of Macedonia

President – Boris Trajkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (1999–2004)
Prime Minister – Ljubčo Georgievski, President of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia (1998–2002)

Malta

President – Guido de Marco, President of Malta (1999–2004)
Prime Minister – Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime Minister of Malta (1998–2004)

Moldova

President –

Petru Lucinschi, President of Moldova (1997–2001)
Vladimir Voronin, President of Moldova (2001–2009)

Prime Minister –

Dumitru Braghiș, Prime Minister of Moldova (1999–2001)
Vasile Tarlev, Prime Minister of Moldova (2001–2008)

Transnistria (unrecognised, secessionist state)

President – Igor Smirnov, President of Transnistria (1990–2011) ^[k]

Monaco

Monarch – Rainier III, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (1949–2005)
Prime Minister – Patrick Leclercq, Minister of State of Monaco (2000–2005)

Kingdom of the Netherlands

Monarch – Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)

Netherlands (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

Prime Minister – Wim Kok, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (1994–2002)

Netherlands Antilles (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

see § North America

Aruba (constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)

see § North America

Norway

Monarch – Harald V, King of Norway (1991–present)
Prime Minister –

Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2000–2001)
Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime Minister of Norway (2001–2005)

Poland

President – Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of Poland (1995–2005)
Prime Minister –

Jerzy Buzek, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (1997–2001)
Leszek Miller, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (2001–2004)

Portugal

President – Jorge Sampaio, President of Portugal (1996–2006)
Prime Minister – António Guterres, Prime Minister of Portugal (1995–2002)

Romania

President – Ion Iliescu, President of Romania (2000–2004)
Prime Minister – Adrian Năstase, Prime Minister of Romania (2000–2004)

Russia

President – Vladimir Putin, President of Russia (1999–2008)
Prime Minister – Mikhail Kasyanov, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2000–2004)

San Marino

Captains-Regent –

Gianfranco Terenzi and Enzo Colombini, Captains Regent of San Marino (2000–2001)
Luigi Lonfernini and Fabio Berardi, Captains Regent of San Marino (2001)
Alberto Cecchetti and Gino Giovagnoli, Captains Regent of San Marino (2001–2002)

Slovakia

President – Rudolf Schuster, President of Slovakia (1999–2004)
Prime Minister – Mikuláš Dzurinda, Prime Minister of Slovakia (1998–2006)

Slovenia

President – Milan Kučan, President of Slovenia (1990–2002) ^[l]
Prime Minister – Janez Drnovšek, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2000–2002)

Spain

Monarch – Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
Prime Minister – José María Aznar, President of the Government of Spain (1996–2004)

Sweden

Monarch – Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
Prime Minister – Göran Persson, Prime Minister of Sweden (1996–2006)

Switzerland

Council – Federal Council of Switzerland ^[m]

Members – Kaspar Villiger (1989–2003), Ruth Dreifuss (1993–2002), Moritz Leuenberger (1995–2010; President of Switzerland, 2001), Pascal Couchepin (1998–2009), Ruth Metzler (1999–2003), Joseph Deiss (1999–2006), and Samuel Schmid (2000–2008)

Ukraine

President – Leonid Kuchma, President of Ukraine (1994–2005)
Prime Minister –

Viktor Yushchenko, Prime Minister of Ukraine (1999–2001)
Anatoliy Kinakh, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2001–2002)

United Kingdom

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–2022)
Prime Minister – Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1997–2007)

Vatican City

Monarch – Pope John Paul II, Sovereign of Vatican City (1978–2005)
Head of Government – Cardinal Edmund Szoka, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (1997–2006)
Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)

Secretary of State – Cardinal Angelo Sodano, Cardinal Secretary of State (1990–2006)

Yugoslavia

President – Vojislav Koštunica, President of Yugoslavia (2000–2003)
Prime Minister –

Zoran Žižić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (2000–2001)
Dragiša Pešić, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (2001–2003)

Kosovo (Self-Governing Entity under UN administration)

UN Special Representative –

Bernard Kouchner, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo (1999–2001)
Hans Hækkerup, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo (2001)

North America

Antigua and Barbuda

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–2022)
Governor-General – Sir James Carlisle, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (1993–2007)
Prime Minister – Lester Bird, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (1994–2004)

The Bahamas

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–2022)
Governor-General –

Sir Orville Turnquest, Governor-General of the Bahamas (1995–2001)
Dame Ivy Dumont, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2001–2005)

Prime Minister – Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (1992–2002)

Barbados

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–2021)
Governor-General – Sir Clifford Husbands, Governor-General of Barbados (1996–2011)
Prime Minister – Owen Arthur, Prime Minister of Barbados (1994–2008)

Belize

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–2022)
Governor-General – Sir Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–2021)
Prime Minister – Said Musa, Prime Minister of Belize (1998–2008)

Canada

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–2022)
Governor-General – Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General of Canada (1999–2005)
Prime Minister – Jean Chrétien, Prime Minister of Canada (1993–2003)

Costa Rica

President – Miguel Ángel Rodríguez, President of Costa Rica (1998–2002)

Cuba

Communist Party Leader – Fidel Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (1965–2011)
President – Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
Prime Minister – Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)

Dominica

President – Vernon Shaw, President of Dominica (1998–2003)
Prime Minister – Pierre Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (2000–2004)

Dominican Republic

President – Hipólito Mejía, President of the Dominican Republic (2000–2004)

El Salvador

President – Francisco Flores Pérez, President of El Salvador (1999–2004)

Grenada

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–2022)
Governor-General – Sir Daniel Williams, Governor-General of Grenada (1996–2008)
Prime Minister – Keith Mitchell, Prime Minister of Grenada (1995–2008)

Guatemala

President – Alfonso Portillo, President of Guatemala (2000–2004)

Haiti

President –

René Préval, President of Haiti (1996–2001)
Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President of Haiti (2001–2004)

Prime Minister –

Jacques-Édouard Alexis, Prime Minister of Haiti (1999–2001)
Jean Marie Chérestal, Prime Minister of Haiti (2001–2002)

Honduras

President – Carlos Roberto Flores, President of Honduras (1998–2002)

Jamaica

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–2022)
Governor-General – Sir Howard Cooke, Governor-General of Jamaica (1991–2006)
Prime Minister – P. J. Patterson, Prime Minister of Jamaica (1992–2006)

Mexico

President – Vicente Fox, President of Mexico (2000–2006)

Nicaragua

President – Arnoldo Alemán, President of Nicaragua (1997–2002)

Panama

President – Mireya Moscoso, President of Panama (1999–2004)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–2022)
Governor-General – Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–2013)
Prime Minister – Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1995–2015)

Saint Lucia

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–2022)
Governor-General – Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–2017)
Prime Minister – Kenny Anthony, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (1997–2006)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–2022)
Governor-General – Sir Charles Antrobus, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1996–2002)
Prime Minister –

Arnhim Eustace, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2000–2001)
Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2001–present)

Trinidad and Tobago

President – A. N. R. Robinson, President of Trinidad and Tobago (1997–2003)
Prime Minister –

Basdeo Panday, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (1995–2001)
Patrick Manning, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2001–2010)

United States

President –

Bill Clinton, President of the United States (1993–2001)
George W. Bush, President of the United States (2001–2009)

Oceania

Australia

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–2022)
Governor-General –

Sir William Deane, Governor-General of Australia (1996–2001)
Peter Hollingworth, Governor-General of Australia (2001–2003)

Prime Minister – John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia (1996–2007)

Fiji

President – Ratu Josefa Iloilo, President of Fiji (2000–2006)
Prime Minister –

Laisenia Qarase, Prime Minister of Fiji (2000–2001)
Ratu Tevita Momoedonu, Prime Minister of Fiji (2001)
Laisenia Qarase, Prime Minister of Fiji (2001–2006)

Kiribati

President – Teburoro Tito, President of Kiribati (1994–2003)

Marshall Islands

President – Kessai Note, President of the Marshall Islands (2000–2008)

Micronesia

President – Leo Falcam, President of Micronesia (1999–2003)

Nauru

President –

Bernard Dowiyogo, President of Nauru (2000–2001)
René Harris, President of Nauru (2001–2003)

New Zealand

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–2022)
Governor-General –

Sir Michael Hardie Boys, Governor-General of New Zealand (1996–2001)
Dame Sian Elias, Administrator of the Government of New Zealand (2001)
Dame Silvia Cartwright, Governor-General of New Zealand (2001–2006)

Prime Minister – Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–2008)

Cook Islands (associated state of New Zealand)

Queen's Representative –

Lawrence Murray Greig, Acting Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (2000–2001)
Frederick Tutu Goodwin, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (2001–2013)

Prime Minister – Terepai Maoate, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (1999–2002)

Niue (associated state of New Zealand)

Premier – Sani Lakatani, Premier of Niue (1999–2002)

Palau

President –

Kuniwo Nakamura, President of Palau (1993–2001) ^[n]
Tommy Remengesau, President of Palau (2001–2009)

Papua New Guinea

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–2022)
Governor-General – Sir Silas Atopare, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (1997–2003)
Prime Minister – Sir Mekere Morauta, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (1999–2002)

Samoa

Head of State – Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa (1962–2007)
Prime Minister – Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa (1998–2021)

Solomon Islands

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–2022)
Governor-General – Sir John Lapli, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (1999–2004)
Prime Minister –

Manasseh Sogavare, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2000–2001)
Sir Allan Kemakeza, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2001–2006)

Tonga

Monarch – Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King of Tonga (1965–2006) ^[o]
Prime Minister – Prince Lavaka Ata ʻUlukālala, Prime Minister of Tonga (2000–2006)

Tuvalu

Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–2022)
Governor-General – Sir Tomasi Puapua, Governor-General of Tuvalu (1998–2003)
Prime Minister –

Lagitupu Tuilimu, Acting Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2000–2001)
Faimalaga Luka, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2001)
Koloa Talake, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2001–2002)

Vanuatu

President – John Bani, President of Vanuatu (1999–2004)
Prime Minister –

Barak Sopé, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (1999–2001)
Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2001–2004)

South America

Argentina

President –

Fernando de la Rúa, President of Argentina (1999–2001)
Ramón Puerta, Acting President of Argentina (2001)
Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, President of Argentina (2001)
Eduardo Camaño, Acting President of Argentina (2001–2002)

Bolivia

President –

Hugo Banzer, President of Bolivia (1997–2001)
Jorge Quiroga, President of Bolivia (2001–2002)

Brazil

President – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil (1995–2002)

Chile

President – Ricardo Lagos, President of Chile (2000–2006)

Colombia

President – Andrés Pastrana Arango, President of Colombia (1998–2002)

Ecuador

President – Gustavo Noboa, President of Ecuador (2000–2003)

Guyana

President – Bharrat Jagdeo, President of Guyana (1999–2011)
Prime Minister – Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1999–2015)

Paraguay

President – Luis Ángel González Macchi, President of Paraguay (1999–2003)

Peru

President –

Valentín Paniagua, President of Peru (2000–2001)
Alejandro Toledo, President of Peru (2001–2006)

Prime Minister –

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2000–2001)
Roberto Dañino, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2001–2002)

Suriname

President – Ronald Venetiaan, President of Suriname (2000–2010)

Uruguay

President – Jorge Batlle Ibáñez, President of Uruguay (2000–2005)

Venezuela

President – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (1999–2002)

Notes

^ Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
^ Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
^ Brunei only became independent in 1984.
^ Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister in 1993–98.
^ Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
^ Kyrgyzstan only became independent in 1991.
^ Turkmenistan only became independent in 1991.
^ Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
^ Saleh was president of North Yemen until 1990.
^ Abkhazia only declared independence in 1992.
^ Transnistria only declared independence in 1991.
^ Slovenia only became independent in 1991.
^ The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. As a party to the Council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
^ Palau only became independent in 1994.
^ Tonga only became independent in 1970.

External links

Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places

WorldStatesmen—an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories

[1] Eritrea only became independent in 1993.

[2] Bahrain only became independent in 1971.

[3] Brunei only became independent in 1984.

[4] Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister in 1993–98.

[5] Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.

[6] Kyrgyzstan only became independent in 1991.

[7] Turkmenistan only became independent in 1991.

[8] Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.

[9] Saleh was president of North Yemen until 1990.

[10] Abkhazia only declared independence in 1992.

[11] Transnistria only declared independence in 1991.

[12] Slovenia only became independent in 1991.

[13] The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. As a party to the Council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.

[14] Palau only became independent in 1994.

[15] Tonga only became independent in 1970.

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