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Fundamental pair of periods

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In mathematics, a fundamental pair of periods is an ordered pair of complex numbers that defines a lattice in the complex plane. This type of lattice is the underlying object with which elliptic functions and modular forms are defined.

Fundamental parallelogram defined by a pair of vectors in the complex plane.

Definition

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A fundamental pair of periods is a pair of complex numbers such that their ratio is not real. If considered as vectors in , the two are linearly independent. The lattice generated by and is

This lattice is also sometimes denoted as to make clear that it depends on and It is also sometimes denoted by or or simply by The two generators and are called the lattice basis. The parallelogram with vertices is called the fundamental parallelogram.

While a fundamental pair generates a lattice, a lattice does not have any unique fundamental pair; in fact, an infinite number of fundamental pairs correspond to the same lattice.

Algebraic properties

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A number of properties, listed below, can be seen.

Equivalence

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A lattice spanned by periods ω1 and ω2, showing an equivalent pair of periods α1 and α2.

Two pairs of complex numbers and are called equivalent if they generate the same lattice: that is, if

No interior points

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The fundamental parallelogram contains no further lattice points in its interior or boundary. Conversely, any pair of lattice points with this property constitute a fundamental pair, and furthermore, they generate the same lattice.

Modular symmetry

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Two pairs and are equivalent if and only if there exists a 2 × 2 matrix with integer entries and and determinant such that

that is, so that

This matrix belongs to the modular group This equivalence of lattices can be thought of as underlying many of the properties of elliptic functions (especially the Weierstrass elliptic function) and modular forms.

Topological properties

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The abelian group maps the complex plane into the fundamental parallelogram. That is, every point can be written as for integers with a point in the fundamental parallelogram.

Since this mapping identifies opposite sides of the parallelogram as being the same, the fundamental parallelogram has the topology of a torus. Equivalently, one says that the quotient manifold is a torus.

Fundamental region

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The grey depicts the canonical fundamental domain.

Define to be the half-period ratio. Then the lattice basis can always be chosen so that lies in a special region, called the fundamental domain. Alternately, there always exists an element of the projective special linear group that maps a lattice basis to another basis so that lies in the fundamental domain.

The fundamental domain is given by the set which is composed of a set plus a part of the boundary of :

where is the upper half-plane.

The fundamental domain is then built by adding the boundary on the left plus half the arc on the bottom:

Three cases pertain:

  • If and , then there are exactly two lattice bases with the same in the fundamental region: and
  • If , then four lattice bases have the same : the above two , and ,
  • If , then there are six lattice bases with the same : , , and their negatives.

In the closure of the fundamental domain: and

See also

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References

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  • Tom M. Apostol, Modular functions and Dirichlet Series in Number Theory (1990), Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 0-387-97127-0 (See chapters 1 and 2.)
  • Jurgen Jost, Compact Riemann Surfaces (2002), Springer-Verlag, New York. ISBN 3-540-43299-X (See chapter 2.)